When an engine produces hazardous substances, a catalytic converter employs a chamber known as a catalyst to transform them into harmless gases similar to steam. It separates the hazardous compounds from a car's emissions before they are discharged into the atmosphere.
The catalytic converter, which resembles a big metal box, is found underneath a car. Two pipes protruding from it. These two pipelines, together with the catalyst, are used by the converter to prepare the gases for safe release.
Types of Catalytic Converters
As previously explained, reduction and oxidation are the two main catalysts that may be utilized in an exhaust system to manage different gases. However, a reduction catalyst may not be present, depending on the car's model year and its catalytic converter. The two most common types of catalytic converters are:
Two-Way: Up until 1981, two-way catalytic converters were standard equipment on American cars. They only have catalysts for oxidation, which aid in turning carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. Unburned and partially burnt hydrocarbon fuel is transformed into water and carbon dioxide.
Three-Way: In use since 1981 is the three-way catalytic converter. With the inclusion of a reduction catalyst, this functions similarly to a two-way converter. This is utilized, as was previously said, to convert nitrogen oxides into oxygen and nitrogen gases.
Two-way catalysts are used in diesel engines, and the converters are made particularly to deal with diesel exhaust. These engines' converters aim to reduce the amount of soluble organic components in the exhaust. These are formed of soot-bound hydrocarbons.
Why Do Catalytic Converters Decrease Pollutants That Are Harmful?
Your catalytic converter is situated at the bottom of your automobile, between the exhaust muffler and manifold. The component is made of a metal catalyst, typically a mixture of rhodium, platinum, and palladium, and is either beaded or honeycomb formed. Two catalytic events happen when exhaust travels via a heated catalytic converter:
• Of the two catalytic activities, the reduction catalyst takes place first. Splitting the molecules into oxygen and nitrogen reduces hazardous nitrogen oxides using metal catalysts. While the oxygen travels through the converter, the nitrogen is held in place.
• As the second catalytic event, oxidation is one. Burning (oxidizing) carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons over the metal catalyst decreases these pollutants.
Emission Control Regulations Driving Demand
Strict laws have been put in place by the governments of many nations to restrict the dangerous emissions that cars that burn fuels derived from petroleum are allowed to emit. For instance, the EPA amended its national greenhouse gas emission standards for light trucks and passenger cars for Model Years 2023–2026 in December 2021
Similar to this, the EU Parliament enacted the Stage V requirements in July 2016, and in September, Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 was published in the EU Official Journal. The Stage V requirements impose strict limitations on particle emissions while tightening the rules governing non-road engines and equipment.
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