During heart damage, or distress, several components are released into the blood, which is further measured to help in diagnosing cardiac ischemia, acute coronary syndrome, and conditions affecting the heart palpitation, such as insufficiency of blood flow to the heart. Such components or substances are known as cardiac biomarkers. These are tested to help in diagnosing the cardiac disease risk or supporting in monitoring and managing cardiac ischemia and ACS in patients.
Cardiac ischemia and ACS are usually caused by plaque formation in artery walls, and atherosclerosis. It might cause severe narrowing of arteries due to blockage of blood flow or insufficiency of oxygen. Individuals may feel prolonged chest pain due to sudden decline in the blood flow, and it may cause non-functioning of heart cells as they get dead. Such a condition is known as acute myocardial infarction or heart attack. This may result in the death of the affected part of the heart or heart scarring, and it may also cause sudden death of the individual due to irregular heart contractions.
Types of Cardiac Biomarkers
Troponin: It is the most commonly ordered cardiac marker. This cardiac marker is elevated within a few hours of heart damage and kept elevated for up to two weeks. Increasing the frequency of troponin tests performed within several hours helps in diagnosing a heart attack.
High-Sensitivity Troponin: High-sensitivity troponin test is done to detect protein in the standard test, compare to lower levels. This test is more sensitive, compared to positive sooner, and helps in detecting ACS faster than the standard test. This is a positive test in people having stable angina, reflecting no symptoms.
Creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB: On several occasions, CK can be utilized to detect the second heart attack occurring more frequently after the first. Moreover, CK-MB is a standard form of creatine kinase enzyme usually found in heart muscle. Its level rises when the muscle cells of the heart get damaged and can be utilized in following up on CK elevation, during the absence of the troponin test.
Myoglobin: Myoglobin testis is used with troponin for early detection of a heart attack.
Hs-CRP: This test is performed to detect the future prevalence of heart attacks in people who have already experienced one in the past.
BNP (or NT-proBNP): This test is utilized to recognize heart failure. People with high-risen levels of ACS reflect a high risk of recurrent events.
On the horizon: These biomarkers can only be found in research settings, as they are not utilized for clinical practice. These biomarkers are being investigated to determine their potential use in measuring the ACS.
General Laboratory Tests: These tests are conducted to evaluate the general health status of the person, including their kidney, liver, acid or base balance, electrolyte, blood sugar, and blood proteins.
Non-Laboratory Tests: These tests are conducted to help the health practitioner in diagnosing the size, shape, and heart functioning. They are utilized for the detection of changes in the heart rhythm as well as blocked arteries and damaged tissues.
Therefore, the growing prevalence of cardiac diseases, along with heart attacks leads to increased usage of cardiac biomarkers.
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